| 翻訳と辞書 |
| History of the Orange Institution ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
History of the Orange Institution
The Orange Institution, better known as the Orange Order, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based in Northern Ireland. It has been a strong supporter of Irish unionism and has had close links with the Ulster Unionist Party, which governed Northern Ireland from 1922 to 1972. The Institution has lodges throughout Ireland, although it is strongest in the North. There are also branches throughout the British Commonwealth (especially in Scotland and Canada), and in the United States. In the 20th century, the Institution went into sharp decline outside Northern Ireland and County Donegal. Observers have accused the Orange Institution of being a sectarian organisation, due to its goals and its exclusion of Roman Catholics and close relatives of Catholics as members.〔"... No catholic and no one whose close relatives are catholic may be a member." Northern Ireland The Orange State, Michael Farrell; ; (The Orange marches )〕 The Order has a substantial fraternal and benevolent component.〔Tim Pat Coogan, 1916: The Easter Rising, Phoenix, 2001, ISBN 0-7538-1852-3, p. 14〕
==Background==
The Orange Order arose out of the divisions between Catholics and Protestants in Ireland. Sixteenth century attempts by the English to impose Protestantism on the Irish had been largely unsuccessful, and so the Irish-speaking majority in Ireland, consisting of Gaelic Irish and the descendants of medieval Hiberno-Norman settlers, remained Catholic, in contrast to the post-Reformation Planters from Britain, who were mostly Protestant. In the early seventeenth century the English, partly in response to an uprising based in Ulster, settled large numbers of English and Scottish Protestants in the province, a process known as the Plantation of Ulster.〔
Hiram Morgan "O'Doherty, Sir Cahir" The Oxford Companion to Irish History. S.J. Connolly. Oxford University Press, 2007; Hiram Morgan "Ulster plantation" The Oxford Companion to Irish History. S.J. Connolly. Oxford University Press, 2007.〕 This changed Ulster from the most Catholic and Gaelic of the four Irish provinces〔"Ulster" A Dictionary of British History. Ed. John Cannon. Oxford University Press, 2001.〕 to the most Protestant and British, although many Catholics remained. The two communities feared and resented each other, and when James II of England was overthrown by William of Orange in 1688 most Irish Catholics (in Ulster and elsewhere) continued to support James while the Protestants supported William. After initially fleeing to France, James arrived in Ireland in 1689 with French troops and money provided by Louis XIV, who was at war with William. James' supporters (Jacobites) controlled most of Ireland, with the exception of Ulster. Here the Protestants held out for William, especially at Enniskillen and Derry, which were besieged by Jacobite forces. General Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg and a small army were sent by William to Ireland, but they failed to make progress against the Jacobites. In 1690 William came to Ireland himself, and soon defeated James in the Battle of the Boyne. James fled again to France and although the Williamite War in Ireland was not resolved until the following year, William had achieved a decisive victory over James.
In England, William's overthrow of James is remembered as the Glorious Revolution, so-called because in that country there was little bloodshed, and because it established significant limits on royal power. For many years the Revolution was seen as a major turning point in English and world history,〔Jeremy Black "Glorious Revolution" Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. Ed. Alan Charles Kors. Oxford University Press 2003.〕 as an important step towards democracy and against arbitrary government. In Ireland, William's victory signalled the beginning of the Protestant Ascendancy. Although the Treaty of Limerick negotiated at the end of the war was in some ways generous towards the defeated Catholics,〔Bruce Philip Lenman "Limerick, treaty of" The Oxford Companion to British History. Ed. John Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1997.〕 it was not properly ratified and was repeatedly broken by the Protestant-controlled Parliament of Ireland. Ironically, the increased powers won for parliament in the Revolution meant that William was unable to prevent it from overturning the promises he had made in the Treaty.〔S.J. Connolly, 'The Penal Laws', in W.A. Maguire, ed., ''Kings in Conflict: The Revolutionary War in Ireland and its Aftermath, 1689–1750'', Belfast, 1990, pp.160–1.〕 The subsequent Penal Laws barred Irish Catholics from most aspects of public life and reduced many to poverty.〔"penal laws" The Oxford Companion to Irish History. S. J. Connolly. Oxford University Press, 2007.〕 Although there were no uprisings or wars in Ireland in the hundred years after the Battle of the Boyne, there continued to be tension and some conflict between the Protestant and Catholic communities.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「History of the Orange Institution」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|